某些眼部疾病会导致中心视力模糊或变形，黄斑裂孔就是其中之一。
女性比男性更容易患上此病，55岁及以上人群的风险也更高。不过，任何人都有可能患病，这会影响患者进行许多日常活动的能力。
如果您担心自己患有此病，请继续阅读，我们将为您介绍如何识别黄斑裂孔、其成因以及现有的治疗方案。
什么是黄斑裂孔？
黄斑裂孔是指黄斑（即视网膜的中心区域）出现的孔洞。视网膜是眼球最内层的感光组织。
视网膜负责捕捉光线，并通过电信号将其转化为大脑可识别的图像。因此，视网膜的任何损伤都会影响您的图像处理能力。
由于黄斑位于视网膜中心，黄斑裂孔的症状通常表现为中心视力问题。以下是常见症状：
- 中心视力出现模糊斑点
- 中心视力出现黑点
- 视觉扭曲，例如将直线看作弯曲、波浪状甚至断裂的线条
黄斑裂孔的成因与风险因素
有时黄斑裂孔是特发性的，这意味着该病症没有明确的诱因。
不过，也有一些明确的致病原因，包括：
- 眼部外伤
- 直视太阳或凝视高强度激光
此外，还有一些其他风险因素会增加患病几率：年龄、高度近视以及女性身份。
Risk factor 1: Age
Age is a common risk factor due to the changes in the eye as time passes. The vitreous gel that fills the eye and gives it the volume to maintain its round shape can shrink as we age.
When that happens, it can pull on the retina as it shrinks inwards. In the early stage of this process, the retina usually has enough elasticity to cope with the pulling.
Over time, however, the physical stress may eventually lead to damage that becomes a tear in it – or a macular hole.
Risk factor 2: High myopia
High myopia (short-sightedness) is another common risk factor for a similar reason. Short-sighted people typically have an elongated eyeball.
This means their retinas are more stretched-out than others. Due to this, they may be thinner than normal from the start. This can obviously raise the chances of a hole forming.
Risk factor 3: Being a woman
Interestingly, women are also more likely than men to get macular holes. Some studies have noted the ratio for female-to-male incidence to be as high as 3.3 to 1.
Unfortunately, the reason for this is unknown at the moment. Studies are ongoing.
黄斑裂孔的发展阶段
黄斑裂孔可能处于不同的发展阶段。裂孔的严重程度通常取决于眼科检查时发现的孔洞大小。
Foveal detachment or cyst
This is the first stage and has the mildest (often nearly undetectable) symptoms. Sometimes, it is called a macular cyst instead. It involves very minor damage to the central part of the retina.
Impending macular hole
At this stage, the macula has already developed a small hole, so symptoms begin to appear. Your central vision may be blurred or distorted by now. Some people even report it to the point where they start noting issues with reading.
Full-thickness hole
At this stage, the hole is fully developed. In other words, it extends through the entire thickness of the macula. Symptoms are pronounced and surgical macular hole repair is often needed.
Full-thickness hole with posterior vitreous detachment
A macular hole can occasionally come with a complete posterior vitreous detachment or PVD. This means in addition to the hole, the eye’s vitreous gel has completely separated from the macula. This is considered an added complication.黄斑裂孔的诊断
与其他许多眼部疾病一样，尽早诊断至关重要，这样可以在病情恶化前探索相应的治疗方案。
诊断通常从眼科检查开始。眼科医生可能会选择使用以下检查来更轻松地识别问题：
- 散瞳检查 – 这有助于医生更清晰地检查您的视网膜。
- OCT 或光学相干断层扫描 – 一种无创、无辐射的检查，可提供视网膜的横截面图像。
黄斑裂孔治疗
黄斑裂孔极少数情况下可能会自行闭合。然而，大多数情况都需要通过手术进行治疗。
用于修复黄斑裂孔的手术是玻璃体切除术。该手术涉及从眼内移除玻璃体凝胶。
通常随后会剥除黄斑裂孔周围的一层薄组织。接着，外科医生会在眼内注入一个气泡。
有时，术后患者需要保持俯卧姿势几天。这是为了让气泡尽可能长时间地与黄斑接触。
此后，患者通常需要在术后休息 2 到 4 周。这样做能让眼睛有时间妥善愈合。
立即前往眼科中心进行黄斑裂孔筛查
总之，我们建议担心黄斑裂孔的人士尽早进行眼科筛查。早期发现和治疗可以显著改善预后，并有助于保护您的视力。
立即致电我们咨询或预约眼科医生进行黄斑裂孔治疗！
